|
|
| I-9
Form |
Form required of all employees
to verify their U.S. citizenship, or if they are aliens, their eligibility
for employment in accordance with the Immigration and Naturalization Act
of 1986. |
| I-Statements
and You-Statements |
"I statements" state
the way someone feels about a situation, while "you statements" are accusations
that another person did something wrong. By stating problems in terms of
one's own feelings (using I statements) instead of accusing the other person
of causing the problem (as occurs with you-statements) defensiveness and
hostility can be minimized and the chances of resolution improved.
|
| I/O
error |
Input Output Error. An acronym
used as an expression by tech support personnel to disguise what they're
really saying.
|
| I/O
port |
Input Output Port. Any socket
in the back of a computer that you use to connect to another piece of hardware
is called an I/O port.
|
| ICANN |
Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers. This nonprofit corporation was formed to assume responsibility
for the IP address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, domain
name system management, and root server system management functions.
|
| Icon |
A small picture or image that
represents an object, folder, or small program. Clicking or double-clicking
icons launches programs, opens windows, and executes commands.
|
| Identity
Conflicts |
Conflicts that develop when a
person or group feels that their sense of self--who one is--is threatened
or denied legitimacy or respect. Religious, ethnic, and racial conflicts
are examples of identity conflicts.
|
| Identity
Theft |
Crimes that range from stealing
someone's social security number to open a credit card account, or concoct
a phony persona(s), complete with credit reports and college degrees.
|
| IEC
Plan |
A work plan specifically for the
information, education, and communication (IEC) component of the organization,
usually for the period of one year. |
| IEEE |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers. This nonprofit organization develops, defines, and reviews standards
within the electronics and computer science industries. Pronounced "eye-triple-e".
|
| Image |
The public perception of a company,
product or a person and their values.
|
| Image
Map |
An image or graphic been coded
to contain interactive areas. When it's clicked on, it launches another
Web page or program.
|
| Image
Studies |
A commercial investigation into
how the image of a company compares with that of its competitors.
|
| Immediate
Charitable Gift Annuity |
A charitable gift annuity which
is to make its first payment within twelve months after the gift is set
up.
|
| Immediate
Outcome |
The changes in program participants'
knowledge, attitudes, and behavior that occur at certain times during program
activities. |
| Impact |
The fundamental intended or unintended
change occurring in organizations, communities, or systems as a result of
program activities within 7–10 years. The extent to which the program has
made a long-term change in the program participants, or in broader social
conditions. |
| Impact
Evaluation |
A type of outcome evaluation that
focuses on the broad, long-term impacts or results of program activities. |
| Impact
Indicator |
A measure showing the long-term
effect of the program activities on the overall population.
|
| Impartiality |
Not prefering one position to
another position. Approaching two arguments as equally valid.
|
| Implementation |
The specific steps taken when
attempting to reach a specific goal. The implementation phase occurs after
goals have been set and a strategy has been agreed upon. Because it is a
real world activity, care must be taken to observe how effective implementation
is, and how well the participants (who may not have participated in the
benchmarking process) are handling it. |
| Implementation
Evaluation |
Assessing program delivery (a
subset of formative evaluation). |
| Implementation
Strategy |
The plan for development of a
program and procedure for ensuring the fulfillment of intended functions
or services. |
| Import |
The ability of one application
to use data produced by another application.
|
| Impoundments |
Any action taken by the executive
branch that delays or precludes the obligation or expenditure of budget
authority appropriated by Congress.
|
| Impressionistic
Evaluation |
A simple method of evaluation
that primarily consists of a informed opinion by a knowledgeable observer
with no quantifiable data. |
| Impressions |
The number of times an ad banner
is requested by visitors' browsers, and presumably seen by the user. Guaranteed
impressions are the minimum times an ad banner has the opportunity to be
seen by visitors (as specified in the contract). |
| Impressions |
An online advertising term that
refers to the number of times an ad banner is downloaded by users.
|
| In-depth
Interview |
A guided conversation between
a skilled interviewer and an interviewee that seeks to maximize opportunities
for the expression of a respondent’s feelings and ideas through the use
of open-ended questions and a loosely structured interview guide. |
| In-Kind
Contribution |
A donation of goods or services
rather than cash or appreciated property. |
| In-kind
Gifts |
Contributions of equipment, supplies,
or other property as distinct from monetary grants. |
| In-Kind
Sponsorship |
The payment of a sponsorship fee
in products or services, in lieu of cash. Perceived to be a contribution
because of the term in-kind.
|
| Inbox |
Refers to the area of your email
program that holds incoming, new or unread email messages.
|
| Incentive
System |
A policy that rewards employees
for excellent performance or special achievements and motivates them to
meet their objectives and maintain program quality. |
| Incidental
Benefit |
A right which a donor retains
in his gift property that does not qualify as a partial interest but which
the Internal Revenue Service feels is to insubstantial to justify disqualifying
the deduction.
|
| Income
After Taxes |
Also known as After Tax Income
for the most recent quarter, this is the money remaining after all expenses
and taxes have been paid, but before any adjustments have been made.
|
| Income
Beneficiary |
An individual or entity who owns
an income interest. The term is sometimes used to refer to the rights of
a recipient of a charitable remainder trust, even though the recipient may
receive more or less than the income.
|
| Income
Development |
Grants for Fundraising, marketing,
and to expand audience base. |
| Income
Elasticity of Demand |
The responsiveness of demand to
a change in income.
|
| Income
Interest |
A right to income from a trust.
It may be a right to all or part of the income, and it may be coupled with
other rights.
|
| Income
Statement (IS) |
Summary of the effect of revenues
and expenses over a period of time. |
| Incompatible
Interests |
Things that people want but cannot
achieve simultaneously.
|
| Incomplete
Gift |
In federal tax law, a gift which
can either be revoked or a gift which, even though irrevocable, would allow
the donor to change the beneficiary. An incomplete may or may not qualify
for a deduction, or it may qualify for one deduction and not for another.
|
| Incorporate |
To form a legal corporation or
business. |
| Incremental
Goal |
A specific goal with measurable
results.
|
| Independent
Board Chair |
A board chair who meets the criteria
for independent directors. It means that not only should the CEO not be
the board chair, but neither should the former CEO, another company employee
or anyone else with ties to the company. |
| Independent
Directors |
Directors whose only nontrivial
professional, familial or financial connection to the corporation or its
CEO is their directorship.
|
| Independent
Foundation |
A non-governmental, non-profit
organization with funds (usually from a single source, such as an individual,
family or corporation) managed by its own trustees or directors that was
established to maintain or aid charitable activities serving the common
welfare, primarily through grantmaking. |
| Independent
Sector |
Nonprofit or tax-exempt organizations
collectively that are specifically not associated with any government, government
agency, or commercial enterprise. Also referred to as Third Sector, Nonprofit
Sector, social sector, and civil society sector. Note: INDEPENDENT SECTOR
is a coalition of foundations, corporations, and national nonprofit organizations
that promotes the values of philanthropy, volunteerism, and nonprofit initiative. |
| Index |
A file or directory on a server
that usually contains information about the directory or Web site, such
as access privileges, dates, and even a list of each additional index on
the site.
|
| Indicator |
Information that can be collected
that would indicate the status of a program, its impacts, or outcomes. |
| Indicia |
Preprinted postage on a mail piece.
An indicia may contain the organization's name and is used instead of a
postage stamp or a meter stamp. It is also called a permit imprint.
|
| Indicia |
Mark on an envelope indicating
a nonprofit mailing permit for reduced rate bulk mailing; used in place
of stamps or meters.
|
| Indirect
Benefit |
Results that are related to a
program, but not its intended objectives or goals. |
| Indirect
Costs |
Costs that have been incurred
for common or joint objectives of the university and the sponsored program,
and which, therefore, cannot be identified specifically in reference to
a particular project, such as building operations and maintenance, laboratory
space, library service, utilities, and administrative services. |
| Indirect
Service |
Provision of skills and/or work
that support an agency in performing its functions or impacts issues of
concern to the agency and the clients/community that it serves. |
| Individual
Capacity |
The potential for acquiring skills
and competencies through such means as self-study, on-the-job training,
mentoring, coaching, and professional development activities. |
| Individual
Liability |
The extent to which an individual
may be held responsible for personal or corporate actions, of which they
were a part. |
| Individual
Racism |
An individual's belief in the
superiority of one's own group's physical, social, and cultural characteristics,
and the inferiority of those of other groups. |
| Individual
with a Disability |
A person who has a physical or
mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of that person's
major life activities, has a record of such impairment, or who is regarded
as having such an impairment. |
| Inferred
Data |
Data that is collected about a
market through market research and applied to everyone in that market.
|
| Informal
Interviews |
A method of informal market research
that involves talking to individual customers during intermissions or at
other appropriate times during their visit, or inviting groups of customers
to participate in focus group discussions. When conducting these interviews,
you'll want to have some specific questions in mind, but also be ready to
pursue other ideas as they come up during the conversation.
|
| Informal
Training |
Training that occurs on the job
and is often accomplished through personal instruction, guidance from a
supervisor, or even by observing co-workers. |
| Information
Flow Table |
A chart showing the types of information
that will be collected, how the information will be collected and reported,
who will collect it, to whom it will be submitted, how it will be used,
and the level of detail needed. The purpose of the chart is to ensure an
appropriate flow of information in the correct sequence and to communicate
to staff how the information system functions. |
| Informative
Advertising |
Advertising which primarily seeks
to provide consumers with information about a product.
|
| Infrared |
The range of invisible radiation
wavelengths longer than the color red in the visible spectrum; used to transmit
data.
|
| Infrared
Port |
A port that enables devices to
exchange data without using cables.
|
| Infrastructure |
The basic equipment and structure
required for a particular system to function. |
| Inheritance
Tax |
A tax which some states impose
on beneficiaries of decedents' estates rather than on the estates themselves.
Inheritance taxes are usually based on how much is received from decedents
and by whom, rather than on the size of the estates.
|
| Initial
Gifts |
Contributions, usually from trustees
or directors of an institution or agency, which serve to launch a campaign,
giving it momentum at the outset and creating a nucleus fund.
|
| Initiative |
The voter's power to adopt law
or amend the Constitution by voting
|
| Initiative-based
Grantmaking |
A strategically-structured grants
program based on applicants responding to a formal and well-defined Request
for Proposals (RFP). Grants are awarded to programs that meet a relatively
narrow set of foundation grantmaking priorities. |
| Injunction |
A court order directing a party
to stop doing something. |
| Ink |
Refers to the space devoted to
a company, its products or services in print media.
|
| Innovation |
The creation of new approaches
to solving social problems, or creating social opportunities. |
| Input |
The resources used in a program. |
| Input
Indicator |
A measure of the amount of resources
which are being used for a particular planned activity. |
| Inquiries |
Information requested about an
institution’s offerings.
|
| Instant
Messaging |
A technology that gives users
the ability to identify people online and to exchange messages with them
in real time. |
| Institution-Building |
The creation, development, and
linkage of certain functions to accomplish specific tasks within institutions. |
| Institutional
Foundation |
A charity that is not required
to meet the public support test because it supports a public charity. To
be a supporting organization, a charity must meet one of three complex legal
tests that assure, at minimum, that the organization being supported has
some influence over the actions of the supporting organization. Although
a supporting organization may be formed to benefit any type of public charity,
the use of this form is particularly common in connection with community
foundations. Supporting organizations are distinguishable from donor advised
funds because they are distinct legal entities. |
| Institutional
Racism |
Forms of racism that are structured
into organizations or institutions. It occurs when organisations, institutions
or governments discriminate, either deliberately or indirectly, against
certain groups of people to limit their rights. |
| Institutional
Review Board |
A ten member body which reviews,
approves or disapproves any research involving human subjects.
|
| Institutional
Support |
Grants to educational institutions
or organizations to support a scholarship program, mainly for students at
the undergraduate level; the donee institution then distributes the funds
to individuals through their own programs. |
| Institutionally
Related Fund |
A device employed by some institutions,
especially those that are publicly funded, to receive contributions from
private sources via a legally constituted agency that is legally independent
of the parent institution. |
| Institutions |
Organizations run by professionals
to provide their expertise to people with needs and deficits.
|
| Instructional
Systems Design |
The systematic use of principles
of instruction to ensure that learners acquire the skills and knowledge
essential for successful completion of performance goals. |
| Instrumental
Outcome |
A measure or measures of phenomena
directly related to program goals and objectives. |
| Insubstantial
Part Test |
Requires that no substantial part
of a charity’s activities be carrying on propaganda or otherwise attempting
to influence legislation. Though the IRS reviews on a case-by-case basis
and the review includes all activities on the organization, this has generally
been interpreted as meaning no more than one to five per cent of an organization’s
operating budget. |
| Insubstantial
Right |
A right (or interest) which donors
can retain in donated assets without having the I.R.S. treat the donations
as split-interest gifts which do not qualify.
|
| Insurable
Interest |
That interest in a person's life
which state law says that the purchaser of insurance must have at the time
the policy is acquired in order for the beneficiary to be entitled to receive
the proceeds of the policy at the insured's death. The purpose for this
rule is to prevent people from gambling on the lives of others. |
| Insurance |
A contract binding the insurer
to indemnify against losses due to specific events in exchange for premiums
paid by the insured party.
|
| Integrated
Auxiliary of a Church |
Refers to a class of organizations
that are related to a church or convention or association of churches, but
are not those organizations themselves. To be considered an integrated auxiliary
with the IRS, the organization must meet the following requirements: be
affiliated with a church, convention, or association of churches; be described
as a charitable organization and public charity according to IRS laws and
regulations; and receive financial support primarily from internal church
sources as opposed to public or governmental sources.
|
| Integrative
Power |
The power of social ties combined
with the power of identity.
|
| Integrative
System |
The system of social bonds that
hold people together in groups.
|
| Intended
Results |
Include all of a program’s desired
results: outputs, outcomes, and impacts. |
| Inter
Vivos |
Something done during life.
|
| Interdependent |
Two-way sharing where each party
brings something to the table. This is the most common method of community
capacity-building.
|
| Interest |
The underlying desires and concerns
that motivate people to take a position. While their position is what they
say they want, their interests are the reasons why they take that position. |
| Interest |
The return earned on an investment.
|
| Interest
Groups |
Also called advocacy groups, these
are groups of people who join together to work for a common cause.
|
| Interest
Limitation |
A term used for the sake of analyzing
the tax deduction aspects of charitable gifts. |
| Interest-Based
Problem Solving |
Defines problems in terms of interests
(not positions) and works to reconcile the interests to obtain a mutually-satisfactory
solution. |
| Intergenerational
Program |
Programs which bring together
participants of different ages. While applicable to relationships between
any two generations, the term is generally used to connote relationships
between children/adolescents and senior adults.
|
| Intermediaries |
Firms which act as a link between
producers and consumers in a channel of distribution. |
| Intermediate
Sanctions |
Penalty taxes applied to disqualified
persons that receive an excessive benefit from financial transactions with
the organization. An excessive benefit may result from overcompensation
for services or from other transactions such as charging excessive rent
on property rented to the organization. Unlike private foundations, public
charities are not barred from engaging in financial transactions with disqualified
persons as long as the transaction is fair to the charity. Penalty taxes
also may apply to organization managers, such as the Board, that knowingly
approve an excess benefit transaction. |
| Internal
Analysis |
Evaluating strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats in a specific organization. |
| Internal
Benchmarking |
The process of looking inside
an organization at its historical performance, and projecting future goals
based on that track record. Internal benchmarking does not explain how to
meet those goals or increase performance. |
| Internal
Control |
Process designed to provide reasonable
assurance regarding achievement of various management objectives such as
the reliability of financial reports. |
| Internal
Coordination |
The logical organization of and
communication about activities within an organization, such that all staff
members are aware of the roles and responsibilities of each department and
the interaction between departments. |
| Internal
Evaluator |
A staff member or unit from the
organization within which the object of the evaluation is housed. |
| Internal
Monitoring |
An active monitoring process using
systemic and non-systemic data that provides performance information for
organization management and decision-making. |
| Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) |
The federal agency with responsibility
for regulating foundations and their financial activities. |
| Internal
Validity |
The extent to which the causes
of an effect are established by an inquiry. |
| Internal
Validity Threat |
Factors other than program participation
that may affect the results or findings. |
| International
Accounting Standard |
Financial reporting standards
created by the International Accounting Standards Committee in an effort
to harmonize various practices across the globe. |
| International
Grantmaking |
Focusing grantmaking priorities
on international organizations, generally in the developing world, or on
organizations that serve the developing world. |
| International
Personnel Management Association (IPMA) |
IPMA is a nonprofit membership
organization for agencies and individuals in the public sector human resources
field.
|
| Internet |
The combination of countless networks
and computers across the world that allow millions of people to share information.
|
| Internet
Account |
An account that allows you to
access the Internet, browse the Web, send and receive e-mail, download files,
and do a variety of other things online.
|
| Internet
Backbone |
A superfast network spanning the
world from one major metropolitan area to another provided by a handful
of national Internet service providers.
|
| Internet
Criminal History Access Tool (ICHAT) |
The internet access service to
Michigan criminal conviction records provided by the Michigan State Police.
A tool to assist with background checks
|
| Internship
Funds |
Usually indicates funds awarded
to an institution or organization to support an internship program. |
| Interpersonal
Skills |
The ability to communicate effectively
in verbal and nonverbal ways. |
| Interstate |
A decedent who died owning assets
in his or her own name but without a will (or, as an adjective, of or having
to do with such a decedent). Probate courts, and the administrators they
appoint, administer interstate estates and distribute the assets pursuant
to state laws. Those laws make no provision for gifts to nonprofits.
|
| Interview |
A meeting arranged to assess the
qualifications of an applicant.
|
| Interviews |
Telephone or face-to-face discussions
with an individual respondent or a group of people. Generally interviews
provide an opportunity to probe and explore responses and provide a better
quality of responses, though they contain less objective information. Also,
in the right circumstances (where trust and anonymity are established) interviews
are useful to collect more sensitive information that respondents may not
wish to write down. |
| Intestate |
Without a will. |
| Intolerance |
The unwillingness to accept the
legitimacy of another person, group, or idea that differs from one's own. |
| Intra-case
Analysis |
Writing a case study for each
person or unit studied. |
| Intra-Office |
The common area between departments,
sections, etc. for corridors, aisles, or walkways.
|
| Intractable
Conflicts |
Refers to conflicts
that go on for a long time, resisting most (if not all) attempts to resolve
them. Typically they involve fundamental value disagreements, high stakes
distributional questions, domination issues, and/or denied human needs -
all of which are non-negotiable problems, and will often involve unavoidable
win-lose situations as well. |
| Intranet |
A site used to provide private
company information to a select group of people, typically their employees.
It requires the use of a password to access the information.
|
| Introductory
Phrase |
A group of words that cannot stand
alone found at the beginning of a sentence.
|
| Inventory |
The quantity of goods and materials
on hand.
|
| Inverted
Pyramid |
A method of writing that begins
with the main story idea and then works it's way down to the little details.
|
| Investment
Consultants |
Advisors who aid in the investment
decisions of individuals and financial committees and officers of institutions.
Investment consultants provide information and make recommendations about
asset allocation, manager structure, manager review and portfolio performance.
|
| Investment
in the Contract |
A term used in making calculations
for charitable gift annuities. Recall that charitable gift annuities are
bargain sales. Investment in the contract refers to the sale portion of
charitable gift annuities. The sale portion of a charitable gift annuity
is the present value of the annuity based on the life expectancy (or expected
return multiple, in the case of annuities) of the annuitants using the Internal
Revenue Service's assumptions for earnest rates (revised monthly).
|
| Investment
Manager |
An individual, firm or committee
responsible for making day-to-day decisions to buy, hold, or sell assets.
Also known as money managers or investment advisors. |
| IP |
Internet Protocol. The Internet
protocol defines how information gets passed between systems across the
Internet. |
| IP
address |
Internet Protocol Address. A unique
string of numbers that identifies a computer on the Internet. These numbers
are usually shown in groups separated by periods, like this: 123.123.23.2.
All resources on the Internet must have an IP address.
|
| Irrevocable |
Something that cannot be revoked
or changed. |
| Irrevocable
Trusts |
A gift in trust that cannot be
rescinded. For example, Charitable Remainder Unitrusts and Charitable Remainder
Annuity Trusts. While the principal of these trusts cannot be withdrawn,
there are additional benefits to the donor through immediate income tax
deductions and fund management. |
| IRS
Form 5768 |
The first step in electing to
be governed by the 501(h) expenditure test. |
| ISP |
Internet Service Provider. Act
as your user-friendly front end to all that the Internet offers. Most have
a network of servers, routers, and modems attached to a permanent, high-speed
Internet "backbone" connection. Subscribers can dial into the local network
to gain Internet access. |
| Issue
Identification |
The process of analyzing issues
and choosing which issues are appropriate for action by an organization. |
|
Glossary information provided by the Nonprofit Good Practice Guide, a project of the Philanthropic and Nonprofit Knowledge Management Initiative (PNKM) at the Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy & Nonprofit Leadership.
|
